This is a collection of notes taken from different books and online reference materials related to Japanese learning. The aim of this collection is to give an idea on how start learning the language and to be able to progress at some level.
In any doubts please do a cross-reference from other resources.
Version ð .1
The Core elements of a sentence are the Main Carriage and Engine elements.
Initial carriage were introduced here as it sets the initial mood of the sentence which makes you sound more natural and not so boring. It also links up to the previous sentence or statement.
â ãInitial Carriage
Provides initial or introductory information about the sentence
Includes the initial conjunctions, adverbial expressions, initial dependent clauses, etc
â¡ãMain Carriage
Describes the subject of the sentence
Provides supplementary details about the engine on what action it does or the current state it is in
Includes the subject, object, modifiers, adverbs, etc
â¢ãEngine
The driving force of the sentence
It does tell the kind of sentence on whether it is a nominal, adjectival, or verbal sentence
Includes either a verb, an adjective, a noun or noun phrase plus copula, auxiliaries, particles, etc
A verb is a word that expresses the physical or mental activities carried out by the subject of a sentence.
GodanConsonant-Stem
In the dictionary form, Godan verbs may end with u,tsu,ru,mu,bu,nu,ku,gu,su.
ã»è²·ãã»åŸ
ã€ã»ç¥ãã»èªãã»éã¶ã»æ»ã¬ã»æžãã»æ³³ãã»è©±ã
ã»buyã»waitã»knowã»readã»playã»dieã»writeã»swimã»talk
IchidanVowel-Stem
In the dictionary form, Ichidan verbs all ends with either eru or iru.
(â) eru
ã»ãããã»åºãã»æŽããã»é£ã¹ã
ã»to raiseã»to leaveã»to clear upã»to eat
(â) iru
ã»ããã»èŠãã»èœã¡ãã»ãã
ã»to wearã»to seeã»to fallã»be located
Irregular
There are only 2 irregular verbs in Japanese: suru(do), kuru(come).
ã»æ¥ãã»å匷ããã»é»è©±ãã
ã»to comeã»to studyã»to call
TransitiveAction
Transitive verbs are verbs that take a direct object. They express what an agent does.
ã»ç§ã¯ããæ¬ãåããŸã
ã»ç¶ã¯æ°ããè»ãè²·ã£ã
ã»I often borrow books
ã»My father bought a new car
IntransitiveDescriptive
Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object.
They express events, movements or the spontaneous changes undergone by the subject.
ã»æšæ¥ããæ°åŠæãå§ãŸããŸãã
ã»å°é¢šã§æšãåãã
ã»The new semester started yesterday
ã»Trees fell because of the typhoon
Stative verbs
Describes the state of a person, animal or thing.
ã»ããã»ããã»ããã»ã§ããã»é£²ãã
ã»needã»to exist/have (animate things)ã»to exist/have (inanimate things)ã»can doã»can drink (all potential verbs)
ã»å
¬åã«ãã©ã³ã³ããããŸã
ã»ç§ã¯åйãããŸã
ã»There are swings in the park
ã»I have a younger sister
Activeã»Durativeã»Continual verbs
Expresses actions that a person, animal, organization, etc. performs. I takes some time or duration to complete the action.
ã»é£ã¹ãã»é£²ãã»æ©ãã»èµ°ãã»èžã
ã»æãã»æ³³ãã»ãŸã€ã»è©±ãã»èã
ã»èªãã»æžãã»èŠãã»æ³£ãã»æãã
ã»èŠããã»äœ¿ãã»äœãã»ç¬ãã»äŒã
ã»é£ã¶ã»èããã»äŒãã»äœãã»å匷ãã
ã»eatã»drinkã»walkã»runã»dance
ã»singã»swimã»waitã»talkã»hear
ã»readã»writeã»seeã»cryã»teach
ã»showã»useã»makeã»laughã»rest
ã»flyã»thinkã»meetã»liveã»study
ã»ç§ã¯æ©ã飯ãé£ã¹ãŸãã
ã»ç¬ãå ããŸãã
ã»I ate dinner
ã»A dog barked
Stative-Active verbs
Can be either a stative or active verb.
ã»èŠããã»èãããã»åããã»éãã»äŒŒåã
ã»be visibleã»be audibleã»understandã»differã»be suitable
Punctualã»Momentary verbs
Are events that takes place in a moment.
(1) Transition from one state to another
(2) Start of action or motion from static state
(3) Arrival of completion
ã»ç¥ãã»æ»ã¬ã»å
¥ãã»åºãã»å²ãã»ç©ºãã»éãã»éããã»å£ãã
ã»æ£ãã»ç«ã€ã»èœã¡ãã»åããã»è¡ãã»æ¥ãã»å§ãŸãã»ä»ã
ã»çãã»å±ãã»è§Šããã»æ¢ããã»çµããã»åº§ãã»æã€ã»è·³ã¶ã»å¯ã
ã»å°ãã»ä¹ãã»äžããã»ãããã»ç²ããã»èµ·ããã»çµå©ãã
ã»åž°ãã»èšãã»å¿ããã»è²žãã»åããã»èŠããã»ãªãã»ããã»åã
ã»to realizeã»to dieã»to enterã»to goutã»to bloomã»to be vacantã»to openã»to closeã»to break apart
ã»to fall/scatterã»to stand upã»to fall (from height)ã»to fall over ã»to goã»to comeã»to beginã»to attach
ã»to arriveã»to reachã»to touchã»to stopã»to endã»to sitã»to hitã»to jumpã»to go to bed
ã»to get in troubleã»to get onã»to giveã»to receiveã»to get tiredã»to wake upã»to marry
ã»to go homeã»to sayã»to forgetã»to lendã»to borrowã»to rememberã»to becomeã»to kickã»to match
Non-Volitional verbs The outcome of the action is not controlled by the subject in any case.
In onset, development and outcome are out of the subjectÂŽs control.
Usually does not take the volitional form, the imperative and potential form.
(1) Emotive
(2) Non-Emotive
ã»åã¶ã»æ²ããã»æãã»å«ãã»å¥œãã»å°ãã»èŠãã
ã»ã§ããã»ããã»ç¥ãã»èŠããã»èãããã»åããã»éãã»äŒŒåãã»ç²ãã
ã»be pleasedã»be sadã»be angryã»hateã»likeã»troubleã»suffer
ã»can doã»needã»to knowã»be visibleã»be audibleã»understandã»differã»suitableã»get tired
Reciprocal verbs
Takes the particle âtoâ for the direct object.
ã»çµå©ããã»å§å©ããã»äŒãã»åãã»æã€ããã»çžè«ãã
ã»marryã»fightã»meetã»matchã»bump intoã»consult
ã»èŠªåãšçµå©ãã
ã»é§
åã§åéãšåŸ
ã¡åããã
ã»I'm marrying my best friend
ã»Iâll meet my friends in front of the station
Movement verbs
Use particle ni to indicate the destination of the movement.
Use particle e to indicate the direction of the movement.
Can take Vmasu ni to express purpose.
ã»è¡ãã»æ¥ãã»åž°ãã»å
¥ãã»åºãã»ç«ã¡å¯ã
ã»goã»comeã»returnã»enterã»get outã»stop by
ã»æ¥æ¬ã«è¡ããŸã
ã»éåœãžè¡ããŸã
ã»æ¥æ¬ã«å匷ã«è¡ããŸã
ã»ã飯ãé£ã¹ã«åž°ããŸããã
ã»æ¥æ¬ãžè±èªãæãã«æ¥ãŸã
ã»I'm going to Japan
ã»I'm going to Korea
ã»I'm going to Japan to study
ã»Let's go home for dinner
ã»I'm coming to Japan to teach English
Active-Punctual
Can be either be a active or punctual verb.
ã»çãã»åãã»å€ããã»æ³šæãã
ã»wearã»takeã»changeã»order
Vte + iru
Continuous-Stateã»Existing-ConditionResultative
Describes the current state or condition of the subject due to consequence of past occurrence.
ã»ãã倩æ°ã§ããç©ºãæŽããŠããŸã
ã»åйã¯çµå©ããŠããŸã
ã»ãåºãéããŠããŸã
ã»ãã¢ãããŸã£ãŠããŠå
¥ããªã
ã»æ°Žæ§œã®éãæ»ãã§ãã
ã»It's a beautiful day. The sky is clear
ã»My sister is married
ã»The shop is open!
ã»The door is locked and I can't get in
ã»The fish in the tank is dead
Continuous-ActionProgressive
Describes the progressive action that is taking place.
ã»åŒã¯ä»å匷ãããŠããŸã
ã»ç§ã¯ä»çµµãæããŠããŸã
ã»æšæ¥9æããããŒã§é
ã飲ãã§ããŸãã
ã»ãããæ¬ãèªãã§ãã
ã»æ¯ã¯ä»å°æã§é£äºã®ä»åºŠãããŠããŸã
ã»ç¶ã¯è²¿æäŒç€Ÿã«å€ããŠããŸã
ã»My brother is studying now.
ã»I'm painting now
ã»I was in a bar drinking yesterday around nine o'clock
ã»Kei is reading a book
ã»My mother is in the kitchen preparing a meal
ã»My father works for a trading company
Habitualã»RoutineRepititive
Describes a habitual or repeated action.
ã»ãã®åºã§ã¯æ°ããéèã売ã£ãŠããŸã
ã»åŒã¯äžåŠã«è¡ã£ãŠããŸã
ã»ãå®
ã§ã¯ã©ããªæ°èãèªãã§ããŸãã
ã»å¥åº·ã®ããã«æ¯æ¥äžæéãããæ©ããŠããŸã
ã»That vegetable store sells fresh vegetables
ã»My younger brother attends junior high school
ã»Which newspaper do you read?
ã»I walk for about an hour every day to keep fit
Vte + aru
Existing-ConditionResultative
Describes the current condition of the subject due to consequence of past occurrence. Transitive verbs are being used in this case. Indicates that the past occurrence was done by someone and not by you.
ã»æžãéããŠãã
ã»ããŒã«ã¯ããå·ãããŠãããŸãã
ã»å£ã«ã«ã¬ã³ããŒããããŠãããŸãã
ã»å·èµåº«ã«æŒãã¯ãã¯çšæããŠããããããã³ããŠé£ã¹ãŠã
ã»The door has been opened (by someone)
ã»The beer is already chilled
ã»The calendar has been changed on the wall
ã»The lunch have been prepared in the fridge, so just chill and eat
Endings are added to the end of verbs to create special forms which gives more a specific meaning or function.
Forms
(â) Vnai-Form (Negative Non Past Casual)
ã»è²·ãããâ¢ãè²·ããªã
ã»é£ã¹ããâ¢ãé£ã¹ãªã
ã»èŠãããâ¢ãèŠãªã
ã»æ¥ãããâ¢ãæ¥ãªã
ã»ããããâ¢ãããªã
(â) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past Casual)
ã»è²·ãããâ¢ãè²·ããªãã£ã
ã»é£ã¹ããâ¢ãé£ã¹ãªãã£ã
ã»èŠãããâ¢ãèŠãªãã£ã
ã»æ¥ãããâ¢ãæ¥ãªãã£ã
ã»ããããâ¢ãããªãã£ã
(â) Vmasu-Form (Non Past Polite)
ã»è²·ãããâ¢ãè²·ããŸã
ã»é£ã¹ããâ¢ãé£ã¹ãŸã
ã»èŠãããâ¢ãèŠãŸã
ã»æ¥ãããâ¢ãããŸã
ã»ããããâ¢ãããŸã
(â) Vmasen-Form (Negative Non Past Polite)
ã»è²·ãããâ¢ãè²·ããŸãã
ã»é£ã¹ããâ¢ãé£ã¹ãŸãã
ã»èŠãããâ¢ãèŠãŸãã
ã»æ¥ãããâ¢ãããŸãã
ã»ããããâ¢ãããŸãã
(â) Vmashita-Form (Past Polite)
ã»è²·ãããâ¢ãè²·ããŸãã
ã»é£ã¹ããâ¢ãé£ã¹ãŸãã
ã»èŠãããâ¢ãèŠãŸãã
ã»æ¥ãããâ¢ãããŸãã
ã»ããããâ¢ãããŸãã
(â) Vmasen-Form (Negative Non Past Polite)
ã»è²·ãããâ¢ãè²·ããŸããã§ãã
ã»é£ã¹ããâ¢ãé£ã¹ãŸããã§ãã
ã»èŠãããâ¢ãèŠãŸããã§ãã
ã»æ¥ãããâ¢ãããŸããã§ãã
ã»ããããâ¢ãããŸããã§ãã
(â) Vdict-Form (Dictionary Form)
ã»è²·ãããâ¢ãè²·ã
ã»é£ã¹ããâ¢ãé£ã¹ã
ã»èŠãããâ¢ãèŠã
ã»æ¥ãããâ¢ãæ¥ã
ã»ããããâ¢ããã
(â) Vte-Form (Te Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ã£ãŠ
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ã£ãŠ
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ã£ãŠ
ã»æžããã⢠æžããŠ
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ãã§
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ããŠ
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ãã§
ã»èªããã⢠èªãã§
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éãã§
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãŠ
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãŠ
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãŠ
ã»ãããã⢠ããŠ
(â) Vta-Form (Ta Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ã£ã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ã£ã
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ã£ã
ã»æžããã⢠æžãã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ãã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ãã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ãã
ã»èªããã⢠èªãã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éãã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ã
ã»ãããã⢠ãã
Negative-Stem
(â) Godan Verb (Negative Stem)
(â) Ichidan Verb (Negative Stem)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠ
(â) Irregular Verb (Negative Stem)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠ã
ã»ãããã⢠ã
Forms
(â) Vnai-Form (Negative Non Past) â Vn + nai
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããªã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãªã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãªã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãªã
ã»ãããã⢠ããªã
(â) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past) â Vn + nakatta
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããªãã£ã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãªãã£ã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãªãã£ã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãªãã£ã
ã»ãããã⢠ããªãã£ã
(â) More Endings/Forms
Passive-Form
(â) Godan Verb (Passiveã»Receptive Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ããã
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ããã
ã»æžããã⢠æžããã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ããã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ããã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ãªãã
ã»èªããã⢠èªãŸãã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éã°ãã
(â) Ichidan Verb (Passiveã»Receptive Form)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ããã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠããã
(â) Irregular Verb (Passiveã»Receptive Form)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ããã
ã»ãããã⢠ããã
Causative-Form
(â) Godan Verb (Causative Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ããã
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ããã
ã»æžããã⢠æžããã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ããã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ããã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ãªãã
ã»èªããã⢠èªãŸãã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éã°ãã
(â) Ichidan Verb (Causative Form)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ããã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠããã
(â) Irregular Verb (Causative Form)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ããã
ã»ãããã⢠ããã
Causative-Passive-Form
(â) Godan Verb (Causative Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããããã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ããããã
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ããããã
ã»æžããã⢠æžããããã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ããããã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ããããã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ãªãããã
ã»èªããã⢠èªãŸãããã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éã°ãããã
(â) Ichidan Verb (Causative Form)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ããããã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠããããã
(â) Irregular Verb (Causative Form)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ããããã
ã»ãããã⢠ããããã
Noun-Stem
(â) Godan Verb (Noun Stem)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ã¡
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ã
ã»æžããã⢠æžã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ã«
ã»èªããã⢠èªã¿
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éã³
(â) Ichidan Verb (Noun Stem)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠ
(â) Irregular Verb (Noun Stem)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠ã
ã»ãããã⢠ã
Forms
(â) Vnagara-Form (Non Past) â Vnn + nagara
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããªãã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãªãã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãªãã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãªãã
ã»ãããã⢠ããªãã
(â) Vnikui-Form (Negative Non Past) â Vnn + nikui
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ãã«ãã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ã«ãã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠã«ãã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ã«ãã
ã»ãããã⢠ãã«ãã
(â) Vsugiru-Form (Negative Non Past) â Vnn + sugiru
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ãããã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ããã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠããã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ããã
ã»ãããã⢠ãããã
(â) Vta-Form (Negative Non Past) â Vnn + tai
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãã
ã»ãããã⢠ããã
(â) More Endings/Forms
Masu-Form
(â) Godan Verb (Masu Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããŸã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ã¡ãŸã
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ããŸã
ã»æžããã⢠æžããŸã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ããŸã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ããŸã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ã«ãŸã
ã»èªããã⢠èªã¿ãŸã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éã³ãŸã
(â) Ichidan Verb (Masu Form)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãŸã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãŸã
(â) Irregular Verb (Masu Form)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãŸã
ã»ãããã⢠ããŸã
Forms
(â) Vmashita-Form (Past) â Vnn + mashita
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããŸãã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãŸãã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãŸãã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãŸãã
ã»ãããã⢠ããŸãã
(â) Vnakatta-Form (Negative) â Vnn + masen
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããŸãã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãŸãã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãŸãã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãŸãã
ã»ãããã⢠ããŸãã
(â) Vnakatta-Form (Negative Past) â Vnn + masen deshita
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ããŸããã§ãã
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãŸããã§ãã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãŸããã§ãã
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãŸããã§ãã
ã»ãããã⢠ããŸããã§ãã
Dictionary-Form
(â) Godan Verb (Dictionary Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ã€
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ã
ã»æžããã⢠æžã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ã¬
ã»èªããã⢠èªã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éã¶
(â) Ichidan Verb (Dictionary Form)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠã
(â) Irregular Verb (Dictionary Form)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ã
ã»ãããã⢠ãã
(â) More Endings/Forms
Command-Stem
(â) Godan Verb (Command Stem)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ãŠ
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ã
ã»æžããã⢠æžã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ã
ã»èªããã⢠èªã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éã¹
(â) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠã
(â) Ichidan Verb (Command Stem)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ã
ã»ãããã⢠ãã
Potential-Form
(â) Godan Verb (Volitional Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ãã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ãŠã
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ãã
ã»æžããã⢠æžãã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ãã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ãã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ãã
ã»èªããã⢠èªãã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éã¹ã
(â) Ichidan Verb (Volitional Form)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ããã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠããã
(â) Irregular Verb (Volitional Form)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ããã
ã»ãããã⢠ã§ãã
Volitional-Form
(â) Godan Verb (Volitional Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ãã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ãã
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ãã
ã»æžããã⢠æžãã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ãã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ãã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ã®ã
ã»èªããã⢠èªãã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éãŒã
(â) Ichidan Verb (Volitional Form)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãã
(â) Irregular Verb (Volitional Form)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãã
ã»ãããã⢠ããã
Te-Form
(â) Godan Verb (Te Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ã£ãŠ
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ã£ãŠ
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ã£ãŠ
ã»æžããã⢠æžããŠ
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ãã§
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ããŠ
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ãã§
ã»èªããã⢠èªãã§
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éãã§
(â) Ichidan Verb (Te Form)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ãŠ
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠãŠ
(â) Irregular Verb (Te Form)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ãŠ
ã»ãããã⢠ããŠ
Ta-Form
(â) Godan Verb (Ta Form)
ã»è²·ããã⢠買ã£ã
ã»åŸ
ã€ãã⢠åŸ
ã£ã
ã»ç¥ããã⢠ç¥ã£ã
ã»æžããã⢠æžãã
ã»æ³³ããã⢠泳ãã
ã»è©±ããã⢠話ãã
ã»æ»ã¬ãã⢠æ»ãã
ã»èªããã⢠èªãã
ã»éã¶ãã⢠éãã
(â) Ichidan Verb (Ta Form)
ã»é£ã¹ãã⢠é£ã¹ã
ã»èŠããã⢠èŠã
(â) Irregular Verb (Ta Form)
ã»æ¥ããã⢠æ¥ã
ã»ãããã⢠ãã
Conditional-Form
â ãtoifã»when
âãVdict + to
ã»ãŸã£ããè¡ããšåŠæ ¡ããããŸã
ã»æèµ·ãããšé¡ãæŽããŸã
ã»å¬ã«ãªããšå¯ããªããŸã
ã»If you go straight, you will find a school
ã»When I wake up in the morning, I wash my face
ã»When winter comes, It gets cold
(âïž) It cannot be used if it includes speakers intention, judgment, permission, opinion, request and etc.
â¡ãtaraifã»when
âãVta + ra
ã»ãŸã£ããè¡ã£ããåŠæ ¡ããããŸã
ã»ææ¥éšãéã£ããå®¶ã«ããŸã
ã»æã ã£ããå±±ãžè¡ãããã§ã
ã»äœãè²·ã£ããããã§ãã
ã»ããã£ããé£ã¹ãŠã¿ãŠãã ãã
ã»ã³ãŒããŒã«ãããã©ã
ã»If you go straight, there is a school
ã»If it rains tomorrow, I'll stay home
ã»When I'm free, I want to go to the mountains
ã»What should I buy?
ã»You can try it if you want
ã»How about a cup of coffee?
(âïž) It cannot be used if it is not chronological order
â¢ãbaifã»when
âãVcmd-stem + ba
ã»ãŸã£ããè¡ãã°åŠæ ¡ããããŸã
ã»å¬ã«ãªãã°å¯ããªããŸã
ã»ãã£ãšå匷ããã°æ¥æ¬èªãäžæãªããŸã
ã»ãã£ãšå匷ããã°ããã£ã
ã»ã©ããã£ãŠæ³šæããã°ããã§ãã
ã»ãã€ç³ã蟌ãã°ããã§ãã
ã»èª°ã«èãã°ããã§ãã
ã»ãããæãã°ããã§ãã
ã»äœæã«æ¥ãã°ããã§ãã
ã»æ°å®¿ãžã©ãè¡ãã°ããã§ãã
ã»If you go straight, there is a school
ã»When winter comes, it gets cold
ã»If I study more, my Japanese will improve
ã»I should have studied harder
ã»How do I place an order?
ã»When do I need to apply?
ã»Who should I ask?
ã»How much do I have to pay?
ã»What time should I come?
ã»How can I get to Shinjuku?
(âïž) It cannot be used if S2 includes something negative (S2 is usually a positive outcome)
â£ãnara
âãVdict + naraifã»if it is the case
ã»é ãçããªãå¯ãæ¹ãããã§ã
ã»ãé
ã飲ããªãé転ããŸãã
ã»ç°äžãããè¡ããªãç§ãè¡ããŸã
ã»ã³ã³ããã«è¡ããªãããã€è²·ã£ãŠãããŸããã
ã»If your head hurts, you'd better get some sleep
ã»I don't drive if I'm going to drink
ã»If Mr. Tanaka is going, I'm going too
ã»If you're going to the convenience store, could you please buy me a snack?
(âïž) It cannot be used if the results mere fact which occurs naturally
A compound verb is a verb that consists of two verbs creating a specific meaning.
Forms: (G1) Vmasu + V, (G2) Vte + V, (G3) prefix + V, (G4) V(regarded as one word)
komuinã»intoã»deeply
âãVmasu + komu
(â) Creates an inward direction or
(â) An action takes place deep in something or someone
ã»ç¥ããªãç·ãéšå±ã«å
¥ã蟌ãã§ãã
ã»æšæ¥ã¯é¢šéªã§å¯èŸŒãã§ããŸã£ã
ã»åœŒã¯èœãšã穎ã«èœã¡èŸŒãã
ã»åœŒã¯ããŒã«ã«é£ã³èŸŒãã
ã»åœŒå¥³ã¯æŽæ¿¯ç©ãå®¶ã®äžã«åã蟌ãã
ã»åœŒãã¯ã³ã³ã¯ãªãŒããåã«æµã蟌ãã
ã»éªè§£ãæ°Žãå±±ããå·ã«æµã蟌ãã
ã»é
ããŠããä¹å®¢ãæ©å
ã«èµ°ã蟌ãã§æ¥ã
ã»ã®ã¿ãŒã¯åŒŸã蟌ãã°åŒŸã蟌ãã»ã©è¯ãé³ã«ãªã
ã»é»è»ã®äžã§åéãšè©±ã蟌ãã§ãé§
ãä¹ãéãããŠããŸã£ã
ã»ã¯ãã¯äººãå·ã®äžã«åŒããã蟌ãã
ã»çªãéããŠããã®ã§ãéšãéã蟌ãã
ã»åœŒã¯ãèªåã®éŽã磚ã蟌ãã§ããã«ãã«ã«ãã
ã»ç§ã¯ããã¥ã¢ã«ãäœåºŠãèªã¿èŸŒãã
ã»ãªãªã³ããã¯ãåã«ãéžæãã¡ã¯æ³³ã蟌ãã
ã»A stranger came into the room
ã»Yesterday I was completly put into sleep due to colds
ã»He fell into the hole
ã»He jumped into the pool
ã»She brought her laundry back into the house
ã»They poured the concrete into the mold
ã»The newly-melted slush flowed into the river from the mountain
ã»A delayed passenger came running into the cabin
ã»A guitar's sound gets better the more you play it
ã»I was talking with my friends on the train and missed the station
ã»The crocodile dragged the man into the river
ã»The window was open, and the rain poured in
ã»He polished his shoes, making them shine
ã»I read the manual over and over
ã»The swimmers drilled themselves in swimming ahead of the Olympics
agerudoing something for someoneã»completionã»raising upã»going up
âãVte + ageru doing something for someone
(â) Someone gives an action as a favor to someone not within the group
(â) The status of giver and receiver is about equal
ã»éŽãã¯ãããŠãããã
ã»ç§ã¯ãªãã¿ããã«è±èªãæããŠããã
ã»ç°äžããã¯ã¹ãã¹ããã«æ¬ã貞ããŠããã
ã»Let me help you get your shoes on
ã»I taught Naomi some English
ã»Mr. Tanaka lent Mr. Smith a book
âãVmasu + agerucompletion
(â) Indicates completion
ã»è«æãããäžããããé£çµ¡ããŸã
ã»ç§ã¯ããããã®æŽæ¿¯ç©ãæŽãäžãã
ã»æç人ã¯éèãçãäžãã
ã»I'll let you know when I've finished my paper
ã»I washed up a lot of laundry
ã»The cook finished stir-frying the vegetables
âãVmasu + ageruraising upã»going up
(â) Indicates something raising up or going up
ã»æ¶è²»ã®æ¡å€§ã¯çµæžæé·ãäžæ¹åã«æŒãäžãã
ã»ç·ã¯ãè¿ãã«ãã£ã倧ããªå²©ãæ±ãäžããæãé£ã°ãã
ã»åœŒå¥³ã¯å€§ããªéãé£ãäžãã
ã»An increase in consumption will push economic growth upward
ã»The man lifted up a nearby boulder and hurled it
ã»She reeled in a big fish
audo something togetherã»do something to each other
âãVmasu + au
(â) To do something mutually together
ã»åã³åã£ãŠããã人ãç£èŠã¿ãã£ãŠãããäººãæ¬åœã®åéã
ã»äºäººã¯å°ããªããšã§èšãåã£ãŠãã
ã»ãã®å®¶åºã§ã¯äž¡èŠªãšåäŸããã話ãåã
ã»åãã¡ã¯ãéãåºãåã£ãŠãã¢ããŒããåããŠãã
ã»ç·å¥³ãå
¬åã® ãã³ãã§æ±ãåã£ãŠãã
ã»å£å£«ã¯äºãã«æã¡åã£ã
ã»åäŸãã¡ã¯æŒãåã£ã
ã»åœŒã¯åºå¡ã«å€åŒããæãåã£ã
ã»ç§ã¯ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã§åœŒãšç¥ãåã£ã
ã»åœŒãã¯åéãšæãåãåã£ãŠåãã
ã»äºäººã¯åããåã£ãŠåº§ã£ã
ã»ç§ã®å®¶ã¯åéã®å®¶ãšåããåã£ãŠå»ºã£ãŠãã
ã»ç§ã¯æã®åéãšã°ã£ããè¡ãåã£ã
ã»ããã¯ãåœŒå¥³ãšæ°æã¡ãåããåãåªåãå¿
èŠã
ã»åã³ãæ²ãã¿ãåãåãã®ãæ¬åœã®åéã
ã»People who rejoice and watch each other are true friends
ã»They were arguing over the smallest things
ã»In this family, parents and children talk a lot
ã»We jointly contribute money to rent an apartment
ã»A man and a woman are hugging on a park bench
ã»The kendoka struck each other
ã»The children pushed each other
ã»He tried to haggle with the shopkeeper to lower the price
ã»I first got to know him in New York
ã»They grasped their friends' hands and rejoiced
ã»The two of them sat facing each other
ã»My house and my friend's house face each other
ã»I happened to run into an old friend
ã»You need to try to understand each others feelings
ã»True friends share all of their joys and sorrows.
iku/kurusequential
âãVte + iku go after doing
âãVte + kuru come back after doing
(â) The agent does something in some point in time and moves from there
(â) The agent goes and does something and then returns
ã»ããã§ã飯é£ã¹ãŠãã
ã»ã³ã³ããã§è²·ã£ãŠããã
ã»äžåœãžè¡ãåã«äžåœèªãå匷ããŠãããŸã
ã»ç
é¢ãžè¡ãéäžã§ããèŠèãã®è±ãè²·ã£ãŠãããŸã
ã»ã飯é£ã¹ãŠãã
ã»é§
ãŸã§é£ã¹ãŠãã
ã»ãã£ããããè¶ã®æéã§ããããããã¡ãã£ãšæãæŽã£ãŠããŸã
ã»ãã£ãã³ãŒããŒã®è±ããªããã¡ãã£ãšåŸ
ã£ãŠããŠãã ãããããè¿ãã®åºã§è²·ã£ãŠãããŸããã
ã»I'm going to have dinner here and go
ã»I'll get some at the convenience store and go there
ã»I will study Chinese before I go to China
ã»On the way to the hospital, I'll buy some flowers
ã»I'm gonna go get some food and will come back
ã»I ate my way to the station and came here
ã»What, is it time for tea already? I'm going to go wash my hands
ã»Oh, I don't have any coffee beans. Please wait for a moment. I'll go buy some at a store nearbyã
iku/kurusimulataneous
âãVte + iku do go
âãVte + kuru do come
(â) Indicates a means or state of movement or that the agent is doing some action during the movement
ã»æéããªããããã¿ã¯ã·ãŒä¹ã£ãŠãããŸã
ã»é£è¡æ©ã®ãªãã§ç ã£ãŠããŸãã
ã»ææ¥ã¯ããåŒåœãæã£ãŠããŠãã ãã
ã»æ¥ææ¥ã«åŒãåç©åãžé£ããŠãããŸãã
ã»I don't have time, so I'll take a taxi
ã»I fell asleep on the plane
ã»Tomorrow, please bring your lunch
ã»I took my brother to the zoo on Sunday
iku/kurudirectional (movement)
âãVte + iku go awayã»go out/in
âãVte + kuru come out/in
(â) Gives directionality to verbs of movement and to verbs have the nuance of movement
(â) Shows the proximity or estrangement toward or away from someone or something
ã»èœã¡ãŠãã
ã»é£ãã§ãã¡ãã£ã
ã»èœã¡ãŠãã£ã¡ãã£ã
ã»è¶ã
ãé£ãã§ãã
ã»ææ¥ãçµãã£ãŠãåŠçãã¡ãæå®€ããåºãŠããŸã
ã»ææ¥ãå§ãŸã£ãŠãåŠçãã¡ãæå®€ã«å
¥ã£ãŠãããŸã
ã»ææ¥ãå§ãŸã£ãŠãåŠçãã¡ãæå®€ã«å
¥ã£ãŠããŸã
ã»ææ¥ãçµãã£ãŠãåŠçãã¡ãæå®€ããåºãŠãããŸã
ã»It's falling in
ã»It just flew away
ã»It just fell off
ã»A butterfly flew over me
ã»Students are coming out of the classroom after class
ã»Students enter the classroom at the beginning of class
ã»Students come into the classroom at the beginning of class
ã»Students are leaving the classroom at the end of the class
iku/kurudirectional (change)
âãVte + iku go (change)
âãVte + kuru become (change)
(â) Gives directional change to verbs and have the nuance of going up/down or become something
ã»N4ã«ãªããšæŒ¢åãã ãã ãå€ããªã£ãŠãããŸã
ã»è¬ã飲ãã ãã ãã ãå
·åãè¯ããªã£ãŠãã
ã»When it comes to N4, the number of kanji will gradually increase
ã»I took some medicine and I'm feeling better and better
iku/kurudirectional (time)
âãVte + iku (from here) to keep/continue
âãVte + kuru (until now) to keep/continue
(â) Expresses a continuation of some action from present to future
(â) Expresses a continuation of some action from the past into the future
ã»äŸæãå®ã£ãŠãããŸããã
ã»åå¹Žéæ¥æ¬èªãå匷ããŠããŸãã
ã»æ¥æ¬äººã¯æŒ¢å䜿ã£ãŠãã
ã»ããããããæŒ¢åã䜿ã£ãŠããã ãã
ã»ä»æ¥ãŸã§1人ã§é 匵ã£ãŠããŸãããããããã¯ããªããšäžç·ã«ãªããããã£ãŠãããŸããã
ã»Let's follow the example
ã»I've been studying Japanese for ten years
ã»The Japanese have always used Kanji
ã»From now on, I will continue to use kanji
ã»I've been doing my best by myself until today. Let's do well with you from now on
iku/kuruperceptional (change)
âãVte + kuru started toã»(I'm/It's) getting
(â) Indicates a beginning of a change perceive through senses
(â) Indicates an appearance or a beginning of change
ã»éšãéã£ãŠãã
ã»æããªã£ãŠãã
ã»ãè
¹ã空ããŠãã
ã»é ãçããªã£ãŠãã
ã»å·Šã«æ¹ã«å±±ãèŠããŠããã§ããã
ã»å¯ããšæã£ãããã»ããéªãéã£ãŠããŸããã
ã»It's starting to rain
ã»It's getting dark
ã»I'm getting hungry
ã»My head is starting to hurt
ã»You will see a mountain to the left
ã»If you think it's cold, look, it's snowing!
ÏÏ(à¹â â€Ì« âà¹)â©